随着社会的发展，人们对可靠的不间断电力能源的需求不断增加，同时人们的环保 意识也日益增强，开发清洁、环保、可靠、廉价的新能源已成为当今世界新的研究热点。 机械能是一种新型的绿色能源，本课题就是针对路面中大量的机械能，基于压电材料的 压电效应这一基本原理来开发适用于道路使用环境的压电发电技术，围绕采用压电方式 来收集路面内的机械振动能这一目的进行了一系列的研究，以此迎合对绿色能源的需 求。 本文首先对压电材料和压电振子进行了深入的理论分析，在此基础上选用 PZT-5H 作为主要压电材料，并结合路面车轮荷载的低频强制振动式的作用特性，采用简支支撑 方式的圆片叠堆式压电振子作为路用压电发电装置的核心部件，并制作压电换能器。然 后通过室内加载试验对所研制的压电换能器进行了一系列的结构优化设计，以研发适用 于道路使用环境的路用压电换能器。其次，分别采用理论计算和室内加载试验两种方式 对压电装置的发电能力进行了研究。采用理论计算得出在加载频率为 10Hz 的标准轴载 一次作用下，铺设在上面层与中面层之间的压电换能装置的发电性能最优，输出电压达 223.33V，电流为 3.03μA，功率可达到近 0.67mW，一次作用产生的电能约为 2.65mJ。 室内试验研究结果表明随着外力作用力的增大，压电换能器的电压值也增大，最大电压 峰-峰值可以达到 65.2V，一次试轮碾压作用可产生 0.23mJ 的电能。选择合适的铺设方 案，一天内可以产生约 1.5 度的电能，可以满足信号指示灯使用的需要。 本文的研究表明压电发电路面作为一种将机械能转化成电能的绿色能源利用技术 是实际可行的，具有广阔的应用前景，顺应绿色减排、节能环保的时代主题。 关键词：沥青路面； 压电效应； 压电材料； 换能器； 能量采集； 可行性研究ii Abstract With the development of the society, our demand for reliable uninterrupted power energy is increasing, and people's environmental awareness is also growing. Development of clean, environmentally friendly, reliable, and low-cost energy has become a new central issue in the world today. The mechanical energy is a new type of environmentally friendly energy. On the basis of basic principle of the piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric material, the thesis made use of mechanical energy in the load to develop a new kind of piezoelectric power generation technology which is suitable for the road, and made systematical studies on the issue. Firstly this thesis made thorough theoretical analysis of piezoelectric materials and piezoelectric oscillator. On the basis of this, the thesis selected PZT-5H as the main piezoelectric material. With the consideration of low-frequency forced vibration characteristics of road-load, this thesis selected wafer stack-type piezoelectric vibrator which is simply supported as a core member of piezoelectric power generating device, and made piezoelectric transducer. Secondly, this thesis made a preliminary research on the generating capacity of the piezoelectric device with the method of theoretical calculations ansys and indoor loading test. On the condition of standard axle load with the frequency of 10Hz, the generating performance of the piezoelectric transducer located in the layer between the top layer and the surface layer reaches its best, and the output voltage is 223.33V, current is 3.03μA. The indoor test results showed that with the external force increases, the voltage value of the piezoelectric transducer also increases, the maximum voltage peak is 65.2V, and 0.23mJ of energy produced under a test wheel rolling. 1.5 degrees of power one day can be produced to meet the demand of signal indicator if suitable paved program selected. The subject of studies have shown that the piezoelectric power generation as a environmental friendly technologies which transforms the mechanical energy on the road into electrical energy is practicable, and has broad application prospects following the theme of emission reduction, energy saving and environmental protection. Key words: asphalt pavement; piezoelectric effects; piezoelectric materials; transducer; energy harvesting; feasibility studyiii 目 录 第一章 绪论..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 前言...........................................................................................................................1 1.2 研究背景...................................................................................................................1 1.2.1 绿色能源需求现状........................................................................................1 1.2.2 绿色能源收集概况........................................................................................2 1.2.3 沥青路面内能量分析....................................................................................3 1.3 研究现状...................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 国外研究现状................................................................................................4 1.3.2 国内研究现状................................................................................................6 1.3.3 压电发电技术的应用....................................................................................7 1.4 研究目的与意义.......................................................................................................8 1.4.1 研究目的........................................................................................................8 1.4.2 研究意义........................................................................................................9 1.5 研究内容与技术路线...............................................................................................9 1.5.1 研究内容........................................................................................................9 1.5.2 创新点..........................................................................................................10 1.5.3 技术路线......................................................................................................10 第二章 压电发电技术的理论基础....................................................................................12 2.1 压电材料及发电机理.............................................................................................12 2.1.1 压电材料......................................................................................................12 2.1.2 压电效应......................................................................................................15 2.2 压电材料的性能参数.............................................................................................17 2.3 压电振子概述.........................................................................................................20 2.4 压电振子振动效应分析.........................................................................................21 2.4.1 激励方式......................................................................................................22 2.4.2 振动模态......................................................................................................23 2.4.3 支撑方式......................................................................................................24 2.4.4 连接方式......................................................................................................25 2.5 压电发电装置结构.................................................................................................26 2.6 本章小结.................................................................................................................28 第三章 压电振子的设计....................................................................................................30 3.1 压电片材的选择.....................................................................................................30 3.1.1 压电材料选取..............................................................................................30 3.1.2 几何尺寸设计..............................................................................................31 iv 3.2 振动基板的选择 ..........................................................................................