iii 摘要 在计划经济年代，我国工程造价模式为定额计价。直至2003年2月，我国第 一次发布《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》GB50500-2003（简称03清单规范）， 标 志着我国开始了工程计价的改革；通过对使用过程中的03清单规范的修订，我国 于2008年又颁布了《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》GB50500-2008，这标志着在 工程计价领域清单计价的指导思想进一步深化；自我国2013年颁布《建设工程工 程量清单计价规范》GB50050-2013以来，我国的工程招投标全面转变为清单计价 模式，清单计价的本质为国家制定规则，企业通过市场竞争形成价格。在这一转 变过程中，许多建筑企业并没有积极适应工程造价领域的变化，投标中仍然延续 了定额计价时的做法，在投标管理中的问题层出不穷，投标管理水平低下，日益 陷入恶性竞争的处境。改善建筑企业生存状况，是许多建筑企业的迫切愿望，为 了适应新时代的市场竞争要求及国家对造价管理的宏观指导方向，建筑企业应提 高其投标管理水平，本文就以此为背景展开研究。 本文首先阐述工程量清单计价模式下建筑企业的投标管理的现状，并对投标 工作过程中存在的问题进行了分析：投标组织与人员方面，投标的人员不懂施工， 施工的人员不参与报价；标书编制方面，复制套用别人的标书，内容冗余，没有 针对性，既不能指导施工也不能指导报价；计价方面，企业不掌握真实的施工成 本；投标管理程序不完善，缺乏风险管理措施。其问题背后的原因是：部门负责 看似专业，实际形成部门隔离，报价管理人员长期脱离施工实际，不清楚实际施 工成本；标书编制方面，建筑企业没有自身施工工艺标准，在编制技术标时同样 无据可依；计价方面：建筑企业没有自身施工定额，报价无据可依；投标程序方 面，工作程序不完善，前期不注意认真分析标书，中期缺乏风险管理，投标失败 不吸取教训，投标成功不总结经验。 为了使解决上述问题的视角更加宽广，本文针对国内外成功的投标案例，借 鉴其先进管理管理经验，对现状投标存在的问题到启示，对建筑施工企业投标管 理人员、企业工艺标准、企业定额、标书编制、投标工作流程及风险管理方面提 出了管理策略建议。 关键词：工程量清单计价；企业定额；定额计价；投标管理。 北京交通大学硕士专业学位论文 ABSTRACT iv ABSTRACT In the era of planned economy, before 2003, the construction cost mode of our country is quota valuation. Code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works was published in Feb 2003, this marks the beginning of the reform of construction project pricing in China. Based on the revision of the 03 Code of valuation during the process of use, Code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works – (GB50500-2008) was issued in 2008, which marks the further deepening reform of ideology BOQ in the field of construction works valuation. Code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works has issued in China on July 1, 2013. Since then, China's project bidding has been changed from the historical quota pricing model to the Bill-of-Quantity model in overall market. Essence of Valuation of Bill of Quantities is that the State formulates rules for enterprises to form prices through market competition. The process was cruel，yet construction enterprises have not actively adapted to the changes in the field of construction project pricing, the practice of quota pricing is still continued in the bidding, Which cause many problems in the bidding management, that always lead then fall into a bad competitive trap. There is an urgent desire of many construction enterprises to improve their living conditions. In order to meet the requirements of market competition in the new era and the national guidance for the industry and macro direction, the bidding management strategy of construction enterprises under the mode of bill of quantities pricing is studied in this thesis. Firstly, the current bidding management status of construction company under the valuation mode of bill of quantities is expounded in this thesis, and then analyses the existing problems in the process of bidding including: In the aspect of tender preparation, duplicate and apply other people's tenders, repeat and verbose, without pertinence, neither guiding construction nor providing basis for pricing; In terms of valuation, enterprises do not real know the formal construction cost; In terms of quotation strategy, there is no strategy, seeking to win the bid at a low price, expecting to supplement profits by negotiating changes in the later period. The reasons for the problems are: In terms of quotation managers, quotation managers are not involved in construction, lack of experience, and do not know the actual construction cost; Valuation aspect, Construction enterprises do not have their own construction quotas, quotations are not based on evidence; In terms of bidding procedure, the working 北京交通大学硕士专业学位论文 ABSTRACT v procedure is imperfect, the bidding documents are not carefully analyzed in the early stage, there are no risk management steps in the mid-term, and no analysis and summary is made after the bidding is completed；In the aspect of tender compilation, construction enterprises do not have their own construction technology standards, and there is no basis for compiling technical tenders. In order to solve the above problems from a broader perspective, this thesis aims at successful bidding cases at home and abroad, and draws lessons from their advanced management experience, so as to enlighten the existing bidding problems, puts forward some management strategies and suggestions on bidding manager, enterprise quota, bidding workflow, risk management and tender preparation of construction enterprises. KEYWORDS：Bill of Quantities; Enterprise quotas; Quota pricing; Bidding management. 北京交通大学硕士专业学位论文 目录 vi 目录 摘要 ........................................................................................................................ III ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ IV 1 绪论 .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 选题背景及研究意义 ................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 选题背景 .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 研究意义 .............................................................................................. 3 1.2 国内外研究现状 ........................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 国外研究现状 ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 国内研究现状 ...................................................................................... 8 1.3 论文结构与研究方法 ................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 论文结构 .............................................................................................. 9 1.3.2 研究方法 ............................................................................................ 12 2 工程量清单计价模式下施工投标管理现状及问题分析 .............................. 13 2.1 工程量清单计价模式下投标管理现状 ..................................................... 13 2.1.1 工程量清单计价模式 ........................................................................ 13 2.1.2 投标管理组织 .................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 技术标编制 ........................................................................................ 16 2.1.4 报价方式 ............................................................................................ 16 2.1.5 投标程序 ............................................................................................ 17 2.2 投标管理中存在的问题 ............................................................................. 19 2.2.1 部门隔离 ............................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 技术标不切实际 ................................................................................ 19 2.2.3 非真正的清单计价 ............................................................................ 20 2.2.4 投标程序不完善 ...................................