文本描述
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摘 要
在最近几年里,IPO市场监管日益严格,并购市场也较之以往更为活跃,且
并购的交易形式也发生了极大的变化。业绩补偿承诺,作为一种新型的并购方
式,其被采用的频率不断提高。在初期的私募股权投资中,风投企业和计划上
市的公司签订签署的是单向对赌协议,而后到了2011年,又变成以蓝色光标(证
券代码:300058)为典型的上市公司在产业并购过程中,正式启用双向业绩的补
偿承诺,使其成为加快上市公司完成产业并购交易的关键资本手段。有数据显
示,在2012年至2014年期间,深圳股票交易所的中小板与创业板利用业绩补
偿承诺完成的并购交易从最初的21起激增至219起。2016年,证监会正式发布
一项对于上市公司资产重组的管理办法,其中明确规定,在上市公司利用收益
现值法或者假设开发法来对其即将购置的资产价值予以评估,且将其作为价格
规定的有效依据的,其应在重新组装完重大资产后的三年时间内,在每年的年
度报表及报告中将有关资产的真实盈利情况及其与预期利润之间的差距进行单
独披露,交易双方应该基于此签署实际可行的补偿合同或协议。从理论上来说,
在实行并购交易的过程中引入业绩补偿承诺,不仅能够有效保证交易双方的合
法权益,还能减少交易价格不真实、降低双方信息不对称程度,更好地维护中
小股东的权益,但实践中“高业绩承诺、高估值溢价”成为一种现象,且已有研究
并未对“业绩承诺是否以及如何影响并购绩效”的问题做合理解释
本文主要根据信号理论和激励理论,将2012年至2014年深交所上市公司
的并购交易数据进行收集,对其中涉及的业绩补偿承诺和并购绩效展开实证研
究与分析,在对业绩补偿承诺条款进行分类基础上分别针对不同的业绩补偿承
诺条款与短期并购绩效和长期并购绩效的关系进行实证研究,且对比分析了不
同条款对并购短长期绩效带来的影响及产生的差异。通过研究假设及实证检验,
得出了如下几点结论。第一,在进行并购交易的时候引入业绩补偿承诺,可在
短时间内促进市场的发展,有效地提高并购的短期效益,并且在长期能够对并
购双方产生激励效应,促进长期并购绩效的提高; 第二,双向承诺不具有显著
的信号效应,与短期并购绩效之间关系不显著,但能产生显著的激励效应,促
进长期并购绩效的提高;第三,业绩承诺的程度和短时间内的并购绩效之间存
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在正相关的关系,与长时间内的并购绩效之间则是非线性的倒U型关系, 说明
当承诺业绩与历史业绩之比超出一定的合理区间之后,只能在短期起到提振股
价的作用,而不能真正提高购并后整合绩效。第四,在承诺的业绩没有达到的
时候,其补偿方式会对长期的并购绩效带来很大的影响。结果显示股份补偿比
现金补偿具有更显著的激励效应,能促进并购双方及管理层更大程度投入购并
后管理过程,取得更好的长期并购绩效。 另外,针对近年来资本市场 “高业绩
承诺、高估值溢价” 的现象,本文尝试对影响业绩承诺程度和估值溢价水平的原
因进行假设和验证,通过实证分析,结果显示业绩承诺程度与被并方重组前盈
利能力无显著相关性,业绩承诺的程度和标的资产的估值溢价水平之间呈正相
关的关系
总结上述研究结论可知,业绩补偿承诺对促进并购交易的顺利进行以及购
并后整合过程起到越来越重要的作用,基于此,本文结合实证探究进一步证实
了业绩补偿承诺对企业并购绩效所带来的影响以及契约本身的价值
关键词:业绩补偿承诺短期并购绩效长期并购绩效信号效应激励
效应
III
Abstract
In recent years, with the mergers & acquisitions(M&A) become increasingly
active, the exchange form of M&A is making constant innovations.Value adjustment
mechanism(VAM) as an innovative form of M&A contract is more widely adapted
in M&A exchange. From One-way betting protocol of value adjustment mechanism
that used in the asset injection process of listed companies to two-way value
adjustment mechanism that used in a series of M&A as typified by the BlueFocus
after 2011 , the value adjustment mechanism has become an important contract
arrangement that promote the completion of M&A and reorganizations of listed
companies. According to an uncompleted statistics, the number of M&A exchanges
with performance compensation commitments happened in Growth Enterprise
Market & SME board have increased from 23 cases in 2012 to 189 cases in 2014. In
2016, The China Securities Regulatory Commission revised the management
measures for the reorganization of major assets of the listed companies , which
stipulate that when the methods based on future earnings expectation such as present
earning value method & hypothetical development method are used to assess the
assets to be purchased as a reference for pricing, the listed companies should disclose
separately the difference between the actual profit and the profit forecast of the
related assets in annual reports of three years after the completion of major assets
reorganization, and the counterpart company and the listed company should sign a
clear and feasible compensation agreement on the fact of the actual profit of the
related assets is less than the forecast of the profit. Theoretically, the introduction of
value adjustment mechanism in exchanges of M&A and reorganization can guarantee
the fair trading rights and interests of both parties in M&A,and can play an important
role in alleviating the distortion of the transaction pricing, reducing the information
asymmetry between the two parties and protecting the interests of the small and
medium shareholders of the M&A parties, but in practice, the “high performance
commitment and overvaluation premium” become a widespread phenomenon and the。